Unable to install mattermost via docker without-nginx (no ports showing)

This sounds like you forgot to run the chown command as mentioned in the documentation.
Step 3 on https://mattermost.com/deploy/:

mkdir -p ./volumes/app/mattermost/{config,data,logs,plugins,client/plugins,bleve-indexes} && sudo chown -R 2000:2000 ./volumes/app/mattermost